Intervention Gender Age Rams Ewes Lambs MainCaretaker HowLong Learn SpecifyOther InfoAuth ApplyToHerd ApplyWhyNot Education LevelEducation RestrictContact ComRestrContact HealthIssues HealthIssuesWhat IfDisease SpecifyOther2 Profession TreatRegularly Vaccination Deworming What OftenV OftenDW TreatGest SpecifyTreatGest AholdMed FeedShortage FeedShortageWhen Lamb/gest LambsPastYear LambDeaths LambDeathAge LambDeathTwins LambDeathTriplets LambDeathCause LambDeathSeason Abortions LambDeathPerception LambDeathPrevent LambDeathsPreventHow PlanMating Flushing Synchronize SynchronizeWhy MateTime MateTimeWhen CommentOnPlannedMating AvoidMating AvoidMatingWhy SpecifyOther3 BCS BCSDescribe WhatRam Infertility ControlPregnancy ControlPregnantHow SpecifySigns HowManyLambs HowManyLambsHow PregnantManagement MinimizeStress SpecifyWhatMinimizeStress SpecifyWhenMinimizeStress RestrictContactPreg SpecifyWhenRestrictContact ReGroup SpecifyWhatReGroup SpecifyWhenReGroup FeedingRoutines SpecifyWhatFeedingRoutines SpecifyWhenFeedingRoutines Supplements SpecifyWhatSupplements SpecifyWhenSupplements Other SpecifyWhatOther SpecifyWhenOther BCSPregnancy WhenExpected SpecifyWhenExpected Supervision SpecifyOther4 Monitor AssistLambing AssistLambingHow WashHands PPE Birthplace SpecifyBirthplace TimeDay Precaution SpecifyPrecaution CommentPrecautions Colostrum ColostrumWhyNot TimeFirstSuckle SufficientColostrum SufficientColostrumHow Assist AssistWhat AssistHowOften ExamineUdder MisMothering SpecifyMisMothering ExtraCareLamb SpecifyExtraCareLamb ExtraCareEwe SpecifyExtraCareEwe Weaning WeaningAge Graze LambSuppl LambWeight LambWeightHow LambsDeworm LambsVaccinate LambsMedication LambsMedicationWhat ExtraInfo 1 0 1 0 13 5 Whole family 3 1, 2, 4 . . . . 1 1 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 ??: sheep pox internal parasites . 2.5 1 . 3, 4 0 . 1 7 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 Separate ewe from herd last trimester 1 0 0 . 1 Jan-Mar . 0 . . 2 . 0 1 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 1 1 1 6 0 . . 0 . . 3 0 . 1 . 1 0 0, 1 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 7.5 0 . 0 1 3 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 0 3 14 1 1 5 0 0 0 . . 1 1 3 5 5 2 Children 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 Restriction aims to control unwanted mating 1 2, 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox DW: diarrhoea . . 2 . 3 0 . 1 9 1 90 0 0 8 3 1 1 1 Separate ewe and lamb from herd 1 0 0 . 1 Sep-Oct Provide salt stone + shear ewe before mating period 1 5 . 0 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 1 1 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1, 3, 4 Access to plenty of water 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 4 . . 1 . 22.5 1 3 0 2 3 2 0 2, 5 1 1 1 1 0 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 2 9 3 Children 1 1, 2, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: against pox + pastereullosis, DW: against liverfluke + for fattening 2 4 6 . 2, 4 1 Jan-Feb 1 3 0 . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 0 0 . 1 Jan-Mar Salt stone will get ewe into heat. Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI 0 . . 2 . 0 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 5 1 1 5 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 5 . 0 . . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 4 . . 1 . 15 0 . 0 1 1 2 2 . 1 1 1 1, 5 0 4.5 28 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 2 10 4 Children 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 Use of communal grazing area 1 2, 3, 4, 7 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox DW: unknown 1.5 4 1 . 3 1 Jan . 5 2 after weaning 0 0 1, 4 2 0 1 1 Reduce heat/cold stress, extra feed 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 5 . 0 3 0 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 1 . 0 . . 1 1 5 0 . . 0 . . 2 2 . 4 Clean sheep house before each ewe will lamb 1 1 3 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 6, 7 Prevent mismothering by poring salt on lamb's back to initiate licking . 1 . 5 0 . 0 2 2 2 0 3 1 3 1 4 0 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 4 16 11 Interviewee 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 Restriction aims to control unwanted mating 1 1, 3 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + coughing/pneumonia, DW: internal parasites 2 4 7 No anthelmintic given during gestation period except against liver fluke, as farmer mentions that too much anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 2 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 1 1 1 Preventive DW + extra feed for ewe 1 0 0 . 1 Feb-Mar Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by Agr Of 1 1, 4, 8 Unwanted phenotype. Infertility. 1 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1, 4 Clean udder 1 1 0 0 2 2 . 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 . . 1 . 15 1 7 0 2 4 0 0 1, 3 1 1, 4 1 1 0 3 20 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 2 8 8 Children 3 1, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Use of communal grazing area 1 4 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: shivering + laboured breathing, DW: liver fluke 4 4 4 . 3 0 . 1 4 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Prevent heat/cold stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 8 Infertility 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1, 2 . 1 0 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 5 . . 1 . 3 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 . 1 1, 2 1 5 0 6 7 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 11 13 2 Children 3 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Sometimes unintentional mixing from other herds. If new sheep: isolation 1 1, 9 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: sudden death + laboured breathing + shivering, DW: X 2 4 1 . 2 0 . 1 10 4 90-180 0 0 1, 5 3 3 1 1 Separate from other flocks, also separate rams from ewes during pregnancy 1 0 0 . 1 Apr Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 5 . 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 4 Feed the pregnant ewe more frequently 1 1 0, 4 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Keep close to fire to prevent cold stress . 1 . 30 1 1 0 1, 2 2 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 4 1 2, 3 0 9.5 7 1 1 3, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 11 29 10 Children 4 1, 3, 4, 6 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 2, 3, 8 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 0 V: laboured breathing, shivering 3 . 1 . 6 0 . 1 14 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Prevent heat stress 1 0 0 . 1 Jan-Feb Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 Unwanted phenotype 0 1 0 1 1 0 2, 3, 4, 8 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 1 Inside the pen 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 120 1 1, 5 0 4 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 . 0 6 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 3 40 10 Interviewee 3 6 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 0 . 5 Never encountered this problem . 1 1 1 V: coughing + sheep pox DW: liver fluke + other internal parasites 1.5 2 1 . 2, 3 0 . 1 15 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Clean pen in morning, keep it ventilated. Restrict contact from other herds 1 0 0 . 1 Apr Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 0 . . 0 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 1 1 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 0 0 2 1 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . . 0 First milk assumes to be weakening for the lamb, the owners milk out all the "yellow sticky milk" . . . 1 . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 6 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 . . 1 0 2 4 5 1 Interviewee 1 1, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Sometimes unintentional mixing 1 1, 3, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + shivering + laboured breathing, DW: unknown 1 2 1 . 7 0 . 1 3 1 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2, 3, 5 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 6 . . 1 . 20 0 . 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 . 0 . 0 4.5 10 0 0 . 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 0 25 9 Interviewee + mother 3 1, 2, 6, 7 Bank 1 1 . 1 0 2 Use of communal grazing area 1 3, 5 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + shivering + laboured breathing, DW: liver fluke + GI-parasites 1.5 4 1 . 4 0 . 1 14 4 >90 0 0 9 3 0 1 1 DW of lambs 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1 0 2 3 1 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5 3 0 0 . 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 2 6 2 Interviewee 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 1, 2, 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + swinging, DW: liver fluke + GI parasites 2 3 1 . 7 0 . 1 4 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress, manual feeding of orphans 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 . 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 . 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1, 2 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 3 0 2 3 1 1 . 1 2 1 1, 2, 5 0 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 0 22 9 Interviewee 3 1, 2, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 1, 4, 8 1, 3 . 0 1 0 1 V: swinging + pox + foot root, DW: liver fluke + coughing 2 2 1 . 1 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 2, 3 . 1 1 0 2 3 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 0 . 0 2 3 2 1 . 1 2 1 1 0 6 7 0 1 3, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 11 35 15 Interviewee 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Restrict from other villages 1 1, 5, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + swinging, DW: unknown 2 4 1 . 1, 4 0 . 1 15 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress, isolate ewe and lamb 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 5 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 . 1 1 0 0 2 2 . 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 5 0 2 3 0 0 2, 4 1 2 1 1 0 6 10 0 1 3, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 1 15 10 Interviewee 1 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 2, 6, 8 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: coughing + papules, DW: liver fluke + GI parasites 1 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 DW as described (every 3 months + when parasites in faeces) 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 5 . 0 1 2 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 2 2 3 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 30 1 3 2 . . 2 2 . 1 2 1 1 0 3 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 2 26 10 Father + children 4 1, 3, 4 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 1 2, 6, 8, 9 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + swinging, DW: liver fluke 1.5 5 1 . 2 0 . 1 11 1 3 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 . 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 . 1 . 1 1 2 . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 2 1 7 0 2 3 0 0 2, 4 * 1 1, 2 0 . 0 6 120 1 1 3 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 11 28 19 Interviewee 3 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 1, 4, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging, DW: GI-parasites 1.5 4 1 . 2 0 . 1 19 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe, lambs are supplemented if needed 1 0 0 . 1 Jan . 1 1 . 2 . 2 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1, 3 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 6 0 2 2.5 2 0 3, 7 * 1 2 1 1 0 6 2.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 1 14 53 25 Father, sister 4 1, 3, 7 Sheep breeding center 1 1 . 1 2 1 Sometimes unintentional mixing 1 1, 2, 5 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging, DW: GI-parasites + liver fluke 1.5 4 5 . 1 0 . 1 37 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for pregnant ewes. Lambs isolated from ewe in dry season 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 1 1 2 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 1 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1, 3, 7 2 . . 2 0 2, 1 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5 3.5 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 3 29 12 Interviewee + husband 1 1, 3, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 - Note comment in "SepcifyRestrContact" Restrict from other villages, but not from own village 1 1, 5, 8 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: coughing + diarrhoea . 18 1 . 4 1 May-Jun 1 13 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Extra feeed + water for lambs around weaning 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 2 . 4 0 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 1 1 2 . 0 . 1 1 4 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1, 2 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 12.5 1 1 2 . . 2 2 . 1 2 1 1 0 6 10 1 1 3 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 7 18 7 Interviewee 2 1, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 1, 5 RI 0 1 1 1 ??: coughing, circling, ascites, mouth lesions, papules, foot root 2 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat stress, ewe and lamb separated from herd 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 6 . 2 . 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 2 . . 1 . 22.5 1 1 2 . . 1 0 1 * 1 1 0 . 0 6 7 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 3 4 3 Interviewee + wife 5 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 2 1, 5 Agr Of 0 1 1 1 . . . 1 . 2 0 . 1 5 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 1 1 2 0 . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4 . . 1 . 15 1 1, 3 1 . . 1 0 1, 2, 4 * 1 1, 2 0 . 0 4.5 3.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 1 5 9 Mother 3 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 Bank 1 1 . 1 2 2 . 1 3, 5 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: sheep pox + swinging, DW: GI-parasites . 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extrea feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 3 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 1 1 2 3 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 10 1 1 0 2 3 2 0 1, 2, 4 * 1 2 1 1 0 3 30 0 1 5 1 1 0 . Extra care + planning for cows, not for sheep (esp part 4.) 1 0 2 3 8 4 Interviewee + children 3 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 5 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: liver fluke . . 1 . 1 0 . 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress. V of ewes. 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 25 1 2 2 . . 1 0 1, 6 1 1, 2 1 1 0 7 30 0 1 5 0 0 0 . . 1 0 2 1 22 10 Interviewee + children 2 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 Restriction if disease occurrance in other herds 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + pneumonia + respiratory distress + foot root, DW: liver fluke + coughing + diarrhoea 3 4 1 . 7 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 4 1 1 2 . . 2 0 1, 2 1 2 0 . 0 4 30 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 4 4 2 Interviewee 2 1, 3, 5 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 2, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: bottle jaw + internal parasite . 5 1 . 2 0 . 1 2 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Lambs kept indoors during dry season (Jan-Feb) 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2, 4, 5 1 0 1 1 1 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 1 1 1, 3, 5 0 2 2 2 0 1, 2, 5, 6 * 1 2 1 1, 2, 3 0 10.5 120 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 2 10 3 Interviewee 5 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 1, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging disease, DW: problems in lung + liver + GI 2 2 5 . 2 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Protect lambs from extreme weather 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 15 1 1, 3, 6 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 . 15 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 1 8 6 Children 5 1, 3, 4 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: unknown 2 . 1 . 2 0 . 1 7 1 after weaning 0 0 2, 4 3 0 0 1 Extra feed for lambs when they start grazing 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 4 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 1 0 . 0 5 . 2 0 2, 5 * 1 1 0 . 0 7.5 12.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 14 18 8 Wife + daughter 2 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 Sometimes unintentional mixing 1 1, 5, 8 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging, DW: bottle jaw, GI-parasites 1.5 4 5 . 2 0 . 1 14 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewes. Keeping pen clean 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 2 . 0 0 1 0 2, 6 0 . 1 1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 0 2 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 4 1 1, 3 0 2 3 2 . 1, 2 * 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 7 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 3 20 7 Interviewee + children 2 1, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 1 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + grunting + swinging, DW: coughing, bottle jaw 1.5 1 5 . 2 0 . 1 11 4 90-120 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 3 1 1 0 2, 6 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2 . . 1 . 12.5 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 1, 6 * 1 1 0 . 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . Describes issues with vet coverage - may call for vet that cannot arrive in time because too far away 1 0 2 1 28 4 Interviewee 3 1, 3, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 1, 2, 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V+DW: Coughing, 2, grunting, swinging, resp problems ( 4 4 1 . 1 1 May-Jun 1 10 3 60-150 0 0 7 3 2 1 1 Extra feed for ewes 1 0 0 . 1 Jan - Feb . 1 1, 4, 5, 6 . 0 1 0 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 . 1 1 3 1 1, 2 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 2 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 2 2 . . 2 2 . 1 2 1 1, 3 0 4 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 0 20 3 Children + brother 1 1, 3, 4, 6, . 1 1 . 1 1 1 Restriction if disease occurrance in other herds 0 1, 3, 7 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + resp dis, DW: unknown 8 8 1 . 1 0 . 1 14 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Prevent heat stress 1 0 0 . 1 Jan - Apr Extra feed before mating to increase fertility. Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 2, 5 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 0, 2, 3, 7 0 . 1 0 . . 1 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 1 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 5 1 1 2 . . 2 0 1, 5 * 1 1, 2 1 1, 5 0 3.5 75 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 4 17 4 Whole family 2 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + grunting + swinging, DW: liver fluke + Gi-parasites + fattening purpose 3 3 1 . 2 1 Jan 1 5 1 30 0 0 7 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe, prevent heat/cold stress 1 0 0 . 1 Jan - Apr . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 1, 2 1 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1, 2 2 . . 2 2 . 1 2 1 1 0 6 7 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 2 10 2 Whole family 5 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 0 . 1, 2 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 18 18 1 . 2 0 . 1 8 1 180 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 Jan - Mar Observation: third party interveens during interview 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 3, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 1 1 1, 4 0 2 4 2 2 . 1 1 1 1, 2, 3 0 4.5 45 1 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 1 17 4 Whole family 3 1, 7 Agricultural research center 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 0 . 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + 2 for lamb, DW: liver fluke + spraying for eunknownt parasite 2 4 1 . 2 1 May 1 24 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress 1 0 0 . 1 Feb - Apr + Oct Ram is separated from flock during non-mating period. Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI. 1 1, 8 Unwanted phenotype, low performance 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 3 2 2 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 3 0 2 3 0 2 . 1 2 1 1, 3 0 3.5 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 6 14 5 Father 6 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 2, 5, 9 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 DW + V: unknown 2 1 1 . 2 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 1 0 . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 2 . 2 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 1 2 . . 1 . 30 1 7 1 . . 1 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 0 . 0 6.5 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 4 6 11 Interviewee + wife 3 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 1 1, 8 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: GI-parasites + liver fluke 1 2 1 . 2 0 . 1 14 3 90-180 0 0 1, 4 3 0 1 1 Extra feed 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 0, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 2.5 1 1, 2 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1 1 1 0 12 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 3 9 6 Children 6 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 0 . 5 Never encountered this problem . 1 1 1 V: pox + coughing, DW: unknown 12 12 2 . 3 0 . 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 Oct - Jun Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI. Observation: mating occurs during interview 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 7 . . 1 . . 1 1 2 . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 0 6 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 3 7 2 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Mixing on roads + water points. If from market: isolation for 5 d 1 1, 2 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 3 3 1 . 2 1 Feb-Jun 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe, supplement lambs in dry season 0 . . . 0 . Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 3, 4, 5 . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 7 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 1 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 8 . More care to male lambs 1 . 10 1 1, 3 0 2 3 0 2 . 1 2, 1 1 1 * 0 4.5 3 0 1 5 1 . 0 . . 1 0 2 1 8 2 Whole family 1 1, 3, 5 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 1, 4 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: liver fluke + coughing 3 3 1 . 2 1 Jan-Jun 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Prevent spoiled food, prevent cold stress 0 . . . . . 1 1 . 0 1, 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 1 1 2 0 . . 1 Shearing at first trimester - if shearing is performed later abortion will occur 6 1 1 . 1 . 0 . . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 9 . . 1 . . 1 1, 2 0 2 4 0 0 1, 5 ** 1 1 1 1, 3 0 5 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 1 12 7 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 1 1, 3, 4, 7 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: unknown 1.5 2 1 . 2 0 . 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3 . 1 1 0 0 1 0 1, 2, 3, 5 0 . 1 0 . . 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 4 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 0 . . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1, 2, 3 1 . . 2 0 1 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 3 15 0 1 1, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 1 8 2 Interviewee + children 1 1, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Use of communal grazing area in dry season 1 5 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: for contagious diseases, DW: for contagious diseases 3 3 1 . 1 1 Jan-Feb 1 4 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2 . . 1 . 15 1 1 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 5 15 10 Wife 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 8, 9 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: shivering + swingin, DW: internal parasites 2 1 2 . 1 0 . 1 15 1 120 0 0 5 . 0 0 1 Separate ewe from other sheep 1 0 0 . 1 Nov - Jul Ewes are given extra feed before ram is introduced 1 1 . 1 1, 2 0 0 1 0 2, 3, 4 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 0 1 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1, 3 0 4 10 1 1 1, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 3 10 4 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 2, 8 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox DW: bottle jaw 4 4 1 . 2 0 . 1 7 2 30-60 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress. Extra feed for ewe. Separate ewe and lamb from herd after birth. 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1 2 . . 1 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 ** 0 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 3 9 3 Whole family 6 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 8 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown . . 1 . 2 0 . 1 7 1 <30 0 0 8 3 1 0 1 Prevent exposure to extreme weather 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 2 4 2 1 0 0, 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 0 2 . . . 2 . 2 2, 6 . Separate ewe and lamb from herd only in rainy season 1 . 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 1 ** 1 1 1 1 * 0 6.5 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 8 26 10 Whole family 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 2 . 1 1, 7, 8 1 . 0 1 0 1 V + DW: unknown . 2 1 . 1 0 . 1 18 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe in dry season 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 4 0 1 0 0, 2, 3, 4 0 . 1 1 2 3 0 . 1 1 3 * 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 5 0 2 4 2 0 1 * 1 1 1 1 * 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . Trying to decrease number of sheep in flock due to areable land + animal grazing land are competing for space 1 0 2 3 3 4 Interviewee 1 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 1, 7 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V+ DW: unknown 3 1.5 1 . 2 1 May 1 11 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed during pregnancy, prevent heat stress for ewe and lamb 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 6 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 . 1 1 2 3 0 . 1 1 3 * 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 15 1 6 2 . . 2 0 1, 2 * 1 1 1 1 0 4 4.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 1 3 10 2 Children 2 1, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 - Note comment in "SepcifyRestrContact" No isolation for new animals 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: bottle jaw 18 24 2 . 1 0 . 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat stress, extra feed 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 5, 8 Unwanted phenotype 0 1, 2 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3, 8 0 . 1 1 1 5 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 3 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 4 1 1 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 3 15 1 1 2, 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 1 1 23 3 Father 3 1, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 Not always restriction from village sheep. If new sheep: DW 1 1 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: for fattening 3 2 2 Farmer mentions that too much anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 1 0 . 1 12 2 15 0 0 7 3 1 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 2 0 1 0 3, 0 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 1 2 . . 1 0 1, 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 5 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 1 1 1 6 11 6 Whole family 2 1, 3, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 Not from neighbours. If from market: isolation for 5 d 0 . 1 . . 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: for fattening 24 6 2 Farmer assumes treatment will cause abortion 2 0 . 1 15 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 3, 8 0 . 1 1 1 3 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 3 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 2.5 1 1 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 2 10 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 2 4 2 Interviewee 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 1 1, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 12 12 1 . 2, 3 0 . 1 4 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 2, 0 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 6.5 1 1 0 5 . 0 2 . 1 1 1 1, 5 0 7.5 0 1 1 2, 5 0 0 0 . . 1 1 2 11 22 9 Interviewee + wife 4 1, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Sometimes mixing at water point 1 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging, DW: nasal discharge + for fattening 2 2 1 . 1 1 May-Jun 1 17 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. Lamb always separated from all. Prevent heat/cold stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 1 6 . . 1 . 15 1 1, 2 0 2 3 2 0 1, 3 1 1 1 1 * 0 5.5 3 0 1 2, 5 0 0 0 . . 1 1 2 2 16 3 Interviewee 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 . 1 1, 3, 5, 9 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox DW: internal parasites + improved apetite 4 3 2 Farmer mentions that too much anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 2, 4 0 . 1 19 0 . . . . . 2 0 1 In rainy season: keep from mud/water. In dry season: extra care for ewe 0 . . . . . Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 3 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 3, 8 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 2 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 10 1 1 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 * 0 6 15 0 1 3, 5 1 2 0 . . 1 1 3 0 4 4 Children 6 4 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Not restrictions from neighbours or market 1 1, 5 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: circling, DW: bottle jaw + coughing + nasal discharge + emaciation 4 4 1 . 1, 2 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. Keep lambs dry 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 3 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 2.5 1 2 2 . . 0 0 1, 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 3.5 0 1 5 1 2 0 . Expresses great gratitude towards enumerators who becomes a link between farmers + animal health organisations 1 1 2 3 13 5 Interviewee + father 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 If from market: isolation 7-8 d + DW 1 1, 9 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: to prevent contagious diseases, DW: emaciation 2 1 2 Farmer mentions that too much anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 1, 2 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 1 2, 4 . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 6 2 . . 0 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 3 9 4 Whole family 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 1, 3 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: coughing + nasal discharge + for fattening 2 1 1 . 2 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1, 2 0 0 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 Pregnant ewes are kept in dry place . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 3 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 12.5 1 1 0 2 5.5 2 0 1, 2 1 1 1 1, 3 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 1 1 3 3 10 5 Interviewee 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 If new sheep: isolation 2 d + vet inspection 1 1, 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + possibly other things, DW: for fattening 2 2 1 . 1, 2 0 . 1 14 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 4 1 1 0 2 X 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 0 3.5 4.5 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 1 0 2 2 9 2 Whole family 2 1, 4, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 If from market: isolation for 4-5 d 1 1, 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: diarrhoea + coughing 4 4 1 . 2 1 Jan 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt for all of flock. Trying to decrease flock size 1 0 0 . 1 Dec - Jan Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 3 . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 2 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 7.5 1 1 0 2 X 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 5 15 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 2 10 5 interviewee + wife 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 Mixing especially in dry season. If new sheep: vet inspection before allowed with herd 1 1, 4, 7 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging + coughing + laboured breathing, DW: bottle jaw 4 4 1 . 2 0 . 1 8 1 15 0 0 7 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2, 3 0 0 1 0 0, 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 2 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 15 1 1 0 2 4.5 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4 5 1 1 5 1 2 0 . . 1 0 2 2 9 7 Whole family 1 3 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 No restriction from neighbours' sheep 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: unknown . . 1 . 6 1 Jan-Feb 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 1 1 1, 4 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 0 6 0 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 1 9 5 Whole family 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Mixing in dry season 0 . 1, 4, 5 Isolate sick animals for 10 days or until healthy 0 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: liver fluke + general parasites 1 2 1 . 2 1 Jan-Feb 1 8 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. Keep close to home first week 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 8 If only 1 lamb/year and not 2 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 20 1 1 2 . . 1 2 . 1 1 1 1, 5 0 6 7 0 1 2, 5 1 2 0 . . 1 1 2 1 10 8 Wife + children 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 1, 4 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: liver fluke + GI-parasites 4 2 3 . 2 1 Dec-Mar 1 11 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt to ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1 0 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1, 2 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 1 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 1 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 6 14 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 0 7 4 Interviewee + wife 1 1, 6 . 1 1 . 1 2 2 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: liver fluke 2 2 3 . 4 0 . 1 4 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . . 1 1, 5 2 . . 1 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4 3 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 1 1 2 1 9 3 Whole family 1 1, 3, 4, 6 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: emactiation 1 3 2 . 4 0 . 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt to ewe 0 . . . . . Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by Agr Of 1 1 . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 2, 3, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1, 2 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 5 2 . . 2 0 1 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5.5 2.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 2 11 1 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 4 1 Mixing in dry season 1 1, 4 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + coughing, DW:to increase apetite and BC 2 2 5 . 2, 3 1 Jan-Mar 1 9 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 0 0 1 0 2, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 17.5 1 1 0 2 . 2 0 1, 2, 3, 4 1 1 1 1 * 0 5.5 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 8 11 1 Interviewee + children 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 2, 3, 7 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + diarrhoea + swinging, DW: unknown 2 3 1 . 2 0 . 1 12 2 15-20 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 Extra feed + salt to ewe 0 . . . . . Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 3 . 1 1, 2 0 1 1 0 2, 0 1 0 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1, 2 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 2 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 2 0 3 3 2 0 1, 3 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 6 6 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 2 4 2 Interviewee + husband 1 1, 3 . 0 . . 1 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1, 4 . 0 1 0 1 DW: unknown . 2 3 . 2 0 . 1 5 1 1 0 0 7 3 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 1 1 0 2, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 7.5 1 1 1 . . 2 0 1, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 . 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 . Interviewee + family is just joining the intervention site 1 1 3 1 10 9 Interviewee + children 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Mixing in dry season 1 1 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: GI-parasites + liver fluke 2 1.5 1 . 2, 3 0 . 1 11 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed in dry season for whole flock 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 2 0 0 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 5 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1 2 . . 2 0 1 1 1, 2 0 . 0 5 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 3 10 5 Whole family 4 1, 3, 4 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 Mixing on roads + water points, etc 1 2, 3 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: respiratory diseases + diarrhoea + swinging + laboured breathing, DW: GI-parasites 4.5 4.5 1 . 2 1 Jan 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . Have been part of hormonal synchronization + AI by RI 1 1, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1, 2 0 0 1 0 2, 3, 5 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 0 1 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 Trim hoofs of lamb Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . . 1 1 0 2 3 2 0 1, 5, 6 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 0 5 5 Whole family 3 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 2 3 6 . 1 0 . 1 9 1 90 0 0 5 . 0 1 1 Separate ewe and lamb from herd at lambing 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1 0 0 1 0 1, 2, 7 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 2 0 . . 1 DW for pregnant ewes 2 1 2 . 1 . 1 2 2 . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 1, 3 0 4 X 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 . 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 3 2 11 4 Whole family 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 No restriction from neighbours' sheep 1 1, 4 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 2 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 7 2 60 0 0 7 3 1 1 1 Separate from cattle to prevent traumatic injury 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 8 Unwanted phenotype 1 1 0 1 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 3 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 * 0 9 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 3 3 10 5 Interviewee + children 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 1 1, 5 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 0 V: swinging + laboured breathing 2 . 1 . 2 1 Jan-Apr 1 14 2 120 0 0 3 3 2 1 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 Within 2 months 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1 2 . . 1 0 1, 2, 3, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 5 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 5 10 6 Interviewee 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Mixing in dry season. If from market: isolation 5-6 d 1 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 1, 3, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: lung worm + liver fluke + diarrhoea 3 2 5 . 1 1 Feb-Jun 1 11 3 <30 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 Prevent heat/cold stress for lamb. Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 10 1 2, 3, 6 2 . . 2 2 . 1 1 1 1, 3 0 6 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 0 2 3 10 2 Interviewee 3 1, 4 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 1, 5, 8 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 2 3 5 . 1 0 . 1 16 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress for ewe and lamb, extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1, 2 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 7.5 1 1, 3 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 3 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 1 1 2 4 12 4 Interviewee + children 4 1, 3, 4 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 2, 5, 8 1, 4 . Sometimes ask 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: internal parasites + for increased BC 2 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 18 3 90 0 0 1, 2, 3 3 0 1 1 Prevent heat/cold stress for ewe and lamb, extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 Infertility, if lambs from one ewe are weak (sell ewe) 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 2 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 3 0 2 10 0 0 1 ** 1 1 1 1 * 0 6 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 6 21 8 Interviewee 4 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 No restrictions from own village 1 2, 3, 4 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + something more, DW: coughing + liver fluke + GI-parasites 2 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 14 4 120-150 0 0 3 3 1 1 1 Prevent harsh weather for lambs. Extra feed for ewes. 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 1 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1, 2 0 2 3.5 2 0 1, 2 ** 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4.5 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 2 8 2 . 1 1, 3 . 0 . . 0 6 2 . 1 1, 5 1 . 0 1 . . V + DW: unknown . . . . 2 0 . 1 4 2 120 0 0 1, 6 2 0 1 1 Extra feed 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 1 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 1 1 3 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 4 0 1 5 0 0 0 . . 0 0 2 1 15 8 Interviewee 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 5, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown . 2.5 1 . 4 0 . 1 13 1 1 1 0 3, 6 2 1 1 1 Extra care for ewe (priveliged grazing areas) 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 0 . . . . 2 . 0 0 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 3 2 . . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 0 5.5 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 . . 0 1 2 1 7 12 Interviewee 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 5, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: lung worm + liver fluke . 12 1 . 2 0 . 1 15 3 60 1 0 1, 3 2 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 2.5 1 3 2 . . 2 0 1, 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 3.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 7 8 11 Interviewee + brother 1 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: coughing, DW: increased performance 4 9 1 . 2 0 . 1 12 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1 0 2 6 1 0 1, 4, 5 * 1 2 1 1 0 6 15 0 1 3, 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 5 10 7 Interviewee 2 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 1, 6 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox DW: coughing + laboured breathing + for good BC (farmer also performs dipping) 2 1 3 . 2 1 Jan-May 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 2 2 . 0 1, 2 . . 1 . 15 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 6 1 2 1 1 0 5.5 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 4 10 9 Father 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 If from market: isolation for 8 d + DW 1 1, 4, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + laboured breathing, DW: liver fluke + lung worm + GI-parasites 1 4 3 . 1 0 . 1 9 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe. DW of lambs, prevent sun stress for lambs. 1 0 0 . 1 Mar . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 7.5 1 1 0 2 4 0 0 5 * 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4.5 3 0 1 2, 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 11 10 5 Whole family 2 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown . . 2 . 1 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 1 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 3 1 2 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 12 2 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 1 2 5 15 9 Whole family 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 If new animal: Isolation for 3 d + DW 0 . 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: liver fluke + GI-parasites + lung worm 1 4 5 . 2 0 . 1 10 1 0 0 0 7 3 0 0 1 Extra care for ewe, prevent heat stress for lamb 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 2, 5 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 90 1 1 2 . . 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6.5 5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 4 7 1 Interviewee + husband 1 1, 4 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 Sometimes mixing in communal grazing area 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + contagious diseases, DW: liver fluke + lung worm + GI-parasites 2.5 4 2 Farmer assumes treatment will cause abortion 2 0 . 1 6 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 0, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1 2 . . 2 0 5 * 0 . 1 1 0 12 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 3 8 6 Whole family 1 1, 4 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 Restriction if disease outbreak 1 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: lung worm + liver fluke + GI-parasites 1 2 4 . 1 0 . 1 9 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 20 1 1 2 . . 1 0 1, 2, 5 * 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 2 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 1 2 4 19 5 Whole family 1 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + contagious diseases + foam around mouth, DW: coughing 1 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 12 2 <30 2 0 7 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 2 1 . . 1 0 1, 2, 4, 5 * 1 2 1 1 0 7 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . 0 1 3 3 5 4 Interviewee + wife 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 1, 4 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox +swinging, DW: liver fluke + coughing 2 4 2 Farmer mentions that anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 2 0 . 1 9 2 30 0 0 6 2 0 1 1 Extra feed + water for ewe 1 0 0 . 1 Mar . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 2 0 2 3 1 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 9 3 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 0 3 2 11 8 Interviewee 4 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 If from market: isolation for 5 d + V 1 1, 4, 7 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown; DW: Coughing + liver fluke 3 4 2 Farmer mentions that anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia - or treatment will lead to abortion 2 0 . 1 9 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 Extra feed + water for ewe. Clean, dry, remove placental membranes from lamb. Keep environment clean + ventilated 1 0 0 . 1 Jun . 1 1 . 1 1, 2, 3 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 2 2 . 0 2, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways, wash lamb if dirty 1 . 60 1 1, 4 0 4 . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 7 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 1 14 9 Interviewee 1 3 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 1 1, 8 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging + contagious diseases, DW: parasites 2 2 5 Treatment only in 3rd month of pregnancy 2 0 . 1 15 2 90 0 0 4 3 0 1 1 V + DW at 3 months of age. Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 1 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 4 2 . . 1 2 . 1 1 1 1 0 4 15 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 4 13 10 Interviewee + husband 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 No restrictions from market 0 . 1, 3 . 0 1 0 1 V: unknown, DW: lungworm + liver fluke + emaciation . 3 2 . 1 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 1 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 . . 1 . 3.5 1 1, 2, 6 2 . . 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 1 8 4 Interviewee + wife 1 1, 3 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 No restrictions from market 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: unknown 2 . 2 Farmer mentions that anthelmintics will give fat lamb, which in turns lead to dystocia 2 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 1 1 1 Extra feed for ewe, prevent heat stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 1 0 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 150 1 4, 6 0 2 X 1 0 2, 5 1 1, 2 1 1 0 . 7 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 1 4 2 Interviewee 1 3 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 No restrictions from market 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging + laboured breathing, DW: liver fluke + for fattening 2.5 3 2 . 2 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Ewe and lamb separated from herd for 15 days, extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 5 Try to treat + feed - if still too thin ewe is sold sold 1 1 1 1 1 0 3, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 6 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 6 . Remove white hoof, remove mucus 1 . 30 1 2, 4, 6 2 . . 0 0 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4 15 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 1 2 4 8 5 Interviewee 1 1 . 0 . . 1 0 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: liver fluke + coughing 3 4 5 . 1 0 . 1 11 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress. Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 1 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 6, 7 Check for abnormalities . 1 . 5 1 1 0 2 4 2 2 . 1 1 1 1, 4 0 4 7 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 2 5 6 Interviewee 1 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 If from market: treatment at clinic before allowed with herd 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: nasal discharge + lungworm + GI-parasite + for good BC . 3 2 . 1 0 . 1 11 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 2 . 0 1 1 0 1, 2 1 0 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 * 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 3 0 2, 3 4 2 2 . 1 1, 4 1 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 . . 0 1 2 1 12 7 Parents 2 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging + laboured breathing, DW: Coughing + liver fluke 3 4 6 No V 1st month of pregnancy 1 0 . 1 16 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. DW of lamb after 3 months 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 2, 4, 6 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 * 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 1 2 . . 1 . 5 1 1 1 . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 4 7 4 Interviewee 1 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 If from market: treatment at clinic before allowed with herd 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + coughing, DW: lungworm + liver fluke 2 4 4 . 1 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 2, 8 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 5 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 60 1 1, 2 1 . . 2 0 1, 2 * 1 1, 2 1 2, 3 0 6 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 2 13 7 Hired caretaker 1 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: lung worm + liver fluke 3 3 7 DW at some point during pregnancy, with aim of making lamb fat 1 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed after birth 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 4 1 1 4 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 30 1 6 1 . . 2 0 2, 3 1 1, 2 1 1 0 3 4 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 1 2 2 Interviewee + husband 1 4 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: Liver fluke + coughing 2 4 4 . 1 1 Feb-Jun 1 2 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prevent heat/cold stress for ewe and lamb, extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 10 1 2, 7 1 . . 1 0 1, 4, 5 1 1, 2 1 1, 2, 3 0 7.5 8 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 3 1 15 5 Interviewee + children 1 1, 5, 6 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 2, 4 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: pox 2 . 2 . 4 0 . 1 6 1 60 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 Extra feed during last 2 months of pregnancy 0 . . . . . . 1 4 Infertility, circling, blind 1 1 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 1 0 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 10 1 5 0 2 3 2 1 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 8 0 1 2, 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 3 5 30 10 Whole family 4 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 No restrictions from neighbours' sheep 1 1, 4 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: pox + swinging 1.5 . 2 . 1 0 . 1 20 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 4 Infertility 1 1 4 0 1 0 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 1 1 . . 1 0 1, 2, 5 1 2 1 1 * 0 6 3 0 1 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 2 5 15 6 Interviewee + wife 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 If from market: no isolation 1 6, 8 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + contagious diseases, DW: lungworm + coughing + liver fluke 1 2 4 . 1, 4 0 . 1 10 4 30 0 0 5, 6 2 5 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1, 3 2 1 1 0 2, 8 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 10 1 2 1 . . 2 0 2, 4 0 . 1 1 0 6 2 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 2 13 5 Interviewee 5 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 If from market: no isolation 1 1, 3, 4 1, 4 . 0 1 1 0 V: pox + swinging 3.5 . 1 . 2 0 . 1 5 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Medication + extra feed for whole herd 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 2 2 . 4 Look for general health: if acting depressed, the ewe will lamb soon 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 . 1 2 1 1 0 5 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 1 5 3 Interviewee 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: bottle jaw + diarrhoea 2 2 1 . 2 0 . 1 3 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 1 1 0 2, 4 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 2, 4 0 2, 3 X 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 10 5 Interviewee + wife 1 1, 4 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 4, 5 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: liver fluke 3 24 4 . 2, 4 0 . 1 5 0 . . . . . 3 0 1 Extra feed for whole herd 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 0 0, 2 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 10 1 2 2 . . 2 0 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 5 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 8 17 10 Interviewee + children 4 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinnging, 2, coughing, DW: liver fluke, lungworm 2 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 11 1 3 0 0 6 2 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 8 Infertility, if gives birth to twins (both ewe and twin lambs are sold) 1 1, 2 4 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 0 0, 2 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 2.5 1 3 2 . . 0 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 * 0 8 5.5 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 1 1 8 9 6 . 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 1 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: coughing + pox swinging, DW: GI-parasites + liver fluke + coughing + for fattening 2 4 7 Only DW for liver fluke + V if it is time for the herd (not V specifically for pregnant ewes) 1 0 . 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 1 0 0 . 1 Sep - Jun Observation: mating has occurred in rainy season 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 0 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1 2 . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5.5 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 7 20 11 Interviewee + children 3 1, 7 Animal health experts 1 1 . 1 0 1 If from market: no isolation 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + pox DW: lungworm + liver fluke + parasites + for fattening 2 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 26 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 5 . 1 0 0 0 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1 2 . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 4.5 12.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 0 8 8 Interviewee + husband 1 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: liver fluke + for fattening 2 4 4 . 1 0 . 1 16 0 . . . . . 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 1 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . . 0 . 2 . . 2 0 2, 4 1 2 1 1, 3, 2 0 . 0 0 1 5 1 2 0 . . 0 0 2 2 15 4 Interviewee + husband 2 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 If from market: no isolation 1 3 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: liver fluke + coughing + for fattening 2 4 6 . 1 1 Jan-Jun 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 2, 3, 6 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1, 3 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 7.5 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 1, 3 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 4 2 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 8 17 8 Interviewee . 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 2, 9 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox + swinging, DW: liver fluke + diarrhoea 2.5 4 2 . 1 0 . 1 12 2 150 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 Extra feed ewe and lamb 1 0 0 . 1 Feb - Mar Castration of unwanted rams 1 1, 4 Infertility, circling 0 1 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 1 Restrict contact with cattle 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 2 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 3.5 1 3 0 1 2 2 0 1, 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 6.5 5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 . 4 12 7 Interviewee + wife 2 1, 4 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: for fattening 2 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 12 1 120 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt + water for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 3 0 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 * 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 5 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . 15 1 6 0 2, 3 5.5 2 0 1, 3 1 2 1 1, 3 0 4 30 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 6 2 Interviewee + wife 5 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 1 1, 3, 6 . . 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: coughing + liver fluke 2 2 7 DW in first trimester 2 0 . 1 2 1 2 1 0 7 2 0 1 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 4 0 1 0 3, 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 2, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1, 3 0 2 3 0 0 1, 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 2, 3 0 4 30 0 1 5 1 1 0 . Not always possible go to vets office, sometimes busy with other more important doings and not able to go to clinic 0 0 2 2 15 7 Interviewee 2 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 If from market: isolation for 5 d 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + coughing, DW: bottle jaw 1 4 5 . 1 0 . 1 15 0 . . . . . 2 0 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 1 0 0 . 1 Feb - Jul . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 3 0 1 0 2, 3, 6 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 2 . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 10 1 1, 3 0 2 X 0 2 . 1 2 1 1 0 4 15 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 3 10 12 Interviewee + wife 3 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 3, 9 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: GI-parasites + coughing 1 2 2 . 1 1 Apr-Jul 1 15 3 1-8 1 0 2, 8 3 0 1 1 Prevent heat/cold stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility, cricling 1 1 4 0 1 0 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2 . . 1 . 60 1 1 0 2 X 1 0 2, 4 1 1, 2 0 . 0 . 9.5 0 1 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 2 1 8 2 Interviewee + wife 2 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 If from market: isolation for 8 d 0 . 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: internal parasites 1 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + care for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 5 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 10 1 2 2 . . 0 0 1, 2, 6 1 1, 2 1 1 0 6 20 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 5 5 Interviewee + wife 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 0 If from market: isolation for 5 d 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + coughing, 2, DW: coughing + diarrhoea + increased apetite 2 3.5 2 . 1 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Keep at home in dry season, extra feed for ewe 1 0 0 . 1 May . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 1 0 1 0 2, 0 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 5 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 6 . . 1 . . 1 2 2 . . 2 0 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1, 2 0 7.5 5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 8 18 12 Interviewee + wife 3 1, 3, 4 . 1 0, 1 Sometimes not able to follow all recommendations - and if healthy, no need to follow all recommendations 1 3 2 . 1 3 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging + all other contagious diseases, DW: internal parasites + to improve apetite and make ewe fat 1 2 6 . 1 0 . 1 15 0 . . . . . 5 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 4 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 1 Prevent wet/muddy environment 3 2 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 2 2 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 12.5 1 1, 6 1 . . 2 0 2, 3 1 1 1 1 0 4 3.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 5 14 1 Interviewee 4 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 3, 9 1 . . 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: internal parasites + for fattening 1 3.5 2 . 2 0 . 1 10 3 8 0 0 9 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe and lamb 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 2 . 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1, 2 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 17.5 0 . 0 2 3 2 0 1, 3 1 1, 2 0 . 0 6.5 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 4 10 4 Whole family 6 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 Restrictions if dieseases in neighbouring villages 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: for fattening 1 1 2 . 2 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 5, 8 Because drifting away from flock 1 1, 2 4 1 1 0 6, 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 0 2 2 0 2 . 0 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 20 1 1 1 . . 1 0 3 1 1 1 1, 2, 3 * 0 4 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 0 10 9 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 1, 3 1, 3 . 0 1 1 0 V: contagious diseases 1 . 2 . 1 0 . 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 Prevent heat/cold stress for lamb, extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1 4 0 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 6 0 . . 0 . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 25 1 1 0 2 3 2 0 2, 4 1 1, 2 1 1 0 7.5 3 0 1 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 7 7 Interviewee + wife 1 3, 4 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 If from market: no isolation 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: to improve BC 1 3.5 2 . 1 1 Jun-Sep 1 11 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + salt for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 4 Infertility 1 1 3 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 12.5 1 1 0 2 X 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 5.5 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 . . 0 0 3 3 15 5 Interviewee + children 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: to improve BC 2 2 5 . 1 1 . 1 16 11 1-15 2 0 7 3 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2, 3, 8 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 . 1 1 2 . . 2 . 2 1, 2 . . 1 . . 1 2 0 2 3 2 0 1, 3 1 2 1 1 0 6 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 2 7 4 Interviewee + children 1 1, 5 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: coughing + emaciation . 4 . . 1 0 . 1 8 0 . . . . . 2 0 1 Extra feed newly delivered ewes 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 0, 1, 3, 6 1 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2 . . 1 . . 1 1 0 2 X 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 . 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 4 6 3 Whole family 2 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 0 6 1 If from market: no isolation 1 1, 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown; DW: ascites + to improve BC and increase apetite . 3 2 . 1 0 . 1 9 2 0 0 0 7 3 2 1 1 Extra feed for ewe during dry season 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2 . . 1 . 120 1 3 0 2 X 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 3 4 4 2 Interviewee 5 1, 4, 5 . 1 1 . 1 5 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: internal parasites + emaciation . 6.5 2 . 6 0 . 1 5 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed for all 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 1, 2, 8 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1, 2, 4 Extra feed 1 1 0, 4 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 5 1 1, 2 0 2, 3 X 2 0 1, 3 1 1, 2 1 1, 3 0 4.5 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 4 4 Interviewee + wife 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: contagious diseases, DW: liver fluke + coughing 1 2 5 . 1 0 . 1 10 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1 2 1 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 25 1 1, 3 2 . . 2 0 2, 5 1 1 1 1 0 6 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 1 8 3 Interviewee + children 1 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 If from market: no isolation 1 1, 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: pox, DW: liver fluke + coughing 1 2 5 . 1 1 Jan-Jun 1 10 2 30-60 0 0 7 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 8 Infertility, unwanted phenotype, poor performance 1 1 2 0 1 0 0,1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 45 0 . 0 2 X 2 0 3 1 2 0 . 0 5.5 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 3 10 7 Whole family 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 3 2 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 0 1 DW: to improve BC . 2 4 . 1 1 Feb-May 1 14 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. Sick animals to clinic 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 4 0 1 0 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 1 1 6 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0, 2, 4 0 0 2 . 0 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . . 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 1, 3 1 1, 2 1 1 0 5.5 3.5 1 1 3, 5 1 0 0 . . 0 1 2 8 20 8 Whole family 3 1 . 1 0 Because other work activities prevent clinic visit, also have not reduced flocksize 1 5 2 . 1 7, 8 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: to prevent disease 1 . 2 . 1 1 Feb-Jun 1 14 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 Prevent heat stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 4, 8 Infertility, if born lambs does not survive 1 1, 2 4 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 3 3 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 0 0, 2 0 0 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . 12.5 1 4 0 2 2 1 0 2, 4 1 1 0 . 0 7 0 0 1 2, 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 2 5 15 12 Interviewee 1 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: diarrhoea + nasal discharge 1 . 5 . 1, 5 1 Feb-Jun 1 12 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed + water for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3, 4 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 3 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 60 1 3 0 4 . 2 2 . 1 2 1 1 0 4 15 0 1 4, 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 3 2 8 6 Whole family 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: coughing + nasal discharge + swinging, DW: fatten + bottle jaw 2 1 2 . 2 1 Mar-Jun 1 7 1 5 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe. Prevent injury of lamb. 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1, 2 2 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . . 1 3 0 2 X 1 1 . 1 1, 2 1 1 0 . 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 0 10 5 Interviewee 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 If from market: isolation for 3 d 1 1, 8 1 . 0 1 0 1 DW: coughing . 1 2 . 2 1 Nov-May 1 5 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe, prevent heat stress for lamb 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 4 1 1 0 1, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 60 1 1, 3 2 . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 . 3 0 1 5 0 0 0 . . 0 0 2 5 10 3 Interviewee + husband 2 1, 4 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 0 1 DW: to improve BC . 2 2 . 5 0 . 1 8 2 4-5 0 0 1, 0 3 0 1 1 Isolate lambs at night to prevent traumatic injury. Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 . 4 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1, 2 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5 . . 1 . . 1 2, 5 0 2 . 1 0 1, 2, 4, 5 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4.5 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 . . 0 1 2 12 12 13 Interviewee + wife 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 1, 2 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: diarrhoea + tenesmus + swinging, DW: nasal discharge + coughing + emaciation 1.5 2 6 . 1 1 Feb-May 1 20 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 0, 2, 6 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 . . 0 . . 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 3, 4 0 0 2 . 2 1, 4, 5, 6 . Remove placental membranes/mucus from lamb's airways 1 . 45 1 1 0 1 X 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 8 1 1 1 2, 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 5 15 5 Interviewee + wife 1 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 0 1 DW: coughing + to improve BC . 1.5 7 DW only in rainy season, at udder development (late pregnancy) 1 1 Jan-Jun 1 10 5 60-90 0 0 7 3 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe in dry season 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 2 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 1, 2 0 1 . 1 0 1 1 2 0 . 0 3.5 2.5 0 1 5 1 0 0 . . 0 1 2 3 7 6 Whole family 1 1 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: swinging, DW: diarrhoea + to improve BC 1 1 2 . 1 0 . 1 11 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 0, 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 1 0 4 . 2 0 1, 2 1 1 1 1, 2, 3 0 6 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 . 2 7 1 Whole family 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 No restrictions in dry season 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 0 V: coughing + diarrhoea 1 . 2 . 2 0 . 1 6 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed for ewe. If disease, visit clinic 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 6 . 1 2 4 1 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 6 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 3, 1 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 2 1 2, 1 0 8 8 0 1 2, 5 0 1 0 . . 0 1 2 2 8 3 Whole family 3 1, 5 . 1 1 . 0 6 2 . 1 1, 2, 5 1, 5 Slaughter animal if unable to walk 0 1 1 1 V: to prevent diseases, DW: for fattening 1 1 2 . 2 0 . 1 16 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Prev heat stress for lamb, extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 5 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 3 * 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 6 0 2 X 2 0 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 11 3.5 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 4 10 4 Whole family 2 1, 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 1 . 0 . 1, 3 . 0 1 1 1 V: against contagious diseases, DW: to improve BC 1 4 5 . 2 0 . 1 10 2 120-150 0 0 6, 9 3 1 1 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 5, 8 Infertility, unwanted phenotype 1 1 2 0 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 4 1 1 5 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 2 . . . 2 . 1 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 . . 1 . 10 1 1 0 1, 2 2,5 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1 0 4.5 3.5 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 3 2 4 4 Whole family 2 1, 3 . 1 0 sometimes not successful recommendations 0 6 1 If from market: no isolation 0 . 1, 6 . 0 1 1 1 V + DW: unknown 1 1 2 . 1 0 . 1 6 2 15-60 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 DW + extra feed for ewe after delivery 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 0 . . 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 1 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 2 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . . 1 3, 4 0 2 3 2 0 1, 2 1 1, 2 1 1, 2, 3 0 4 4 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 2 0 5 1 Interviewee + children 1 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 0 . 1 . 0 1 1 1 V: to prevent diseases, DW: liver fluke 2 2 2 . 1 0 . 1 7 0 . . . . . 1 0 1 Extra feed for ewe 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 3, 5 . 1 1 4 1 1 0 2, 3 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . 1 3 . . . 2 . 0 1, 2, 5, 6 . . 1 . 30 1 1, 4 0 2 3 2 2 . 1 1, 2 1 1, 2, 3 0 12 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 0 9 7 Whole family 3 1, 5 . 1 1 . 1 0 0 . 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: to prevent disease, DW: ascites + to improve BC 2 4 3 . 1 0 . 1 9 0 . . . . . 0 0 1 Extra feed for ewe, lamb prevent heat/cold stress 1 0 0 . 1 Jan Observation: lamb now (in November) 1 1, 4 Infertility 1 1 3 0 1 0 2, 3 0 . 1 0 . . 0 . 1 1 2 * 1 1 2 0 . . 0 . . 2 0 . 1 . 1 1 0, 1, 4 0 1 2 . 2 1, 2, 5 . . 1 . 5 1 1 0 4, 5 . 2 0 3 1 1, 2 1 1, 4 0 4 3 1 1 5 1 1 0 . . 0 1 2 1 6 2 Whole family 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 0 . 1, 4 . 0 1 1 1 V: unknown, DW: bottle jaw + to improve BC . 4 5 . 1 0 . 1 7 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 Extra feed for ewe, prevent heat/cold stress 0 . . . . . . 1 1, 4, 8 Infertility, dead lambs 1 1, 2 2 0 1 0 0, 1, 2 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1, 2 . 1 1 0, 1, 4 0 0 2 . 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 . . 1 . 40 1 1 0 1, 3 3 2 0 1 1 1, 2 1 1 * 0 6 5 1 1 2, 5 1 1 0 . .